Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady

The Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, locally known as Bazilika Nanebevzetí Panny Marie, is a stunning example of Gothic architecture nestled in the heart of Brno, Czech Republic. Located in the historic district of Staré Brno, this basilica is part of the Starobrněnský klášter complex and stands as a testament to the city's rich religious and cultural heritage.

The Origins and History

The origins of the Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady date back to the early 14th century. The story begins with Queen Eliška Rejčka, widow of Czech kings Wenceslaus II and Rudolf I of Habsburg. In 1323, she founded a Cistercian convent alongside a new Gothic church, replacing an older parish church dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The church's design, featuring a cross-shaped floor plan, is a hallmark of Gothic architectural principles. Queen Eliška herself was interred under the altar of the Holy Cross upon her death in 1335.

Over the centuries, the basilica witnessed numerous transformations. The Cistercian convent was dissolved in 1782 due to the Josephine reforms enacted by Emperor Joseph II, leading to the arrival of the Augustinians. The church underwent minor Baroque modifications in the 18th century, enhancing its interior while preserving its predominantly Gothic exterior. In 1987, Pope John Paul II elevated the church to the status of a minor basilica, recognizing its spiritual and historical significance.

Architectural Marvels

The Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady is a masterpiece of Gothic architecture, constructed primarily from unplastered brick, with stone used sparingly. This design choice was inspired by Gothic structures in the Rhineland, Hesse, and Silesia. The basilica's cross-shaped layout is particularly noteworthy, with two naves intersecting perpendicularly to form the shape of a cross.

The eastern end of the basilica features a triconch (three-lobed) apse, with each lobe terminating in a pentagonal shape. The western side extends into a single vault bay of equal height. The northern and southern arms of the apse are smaller and lower than the eastern presbytery. The overall structure is characterized by a short basilica-style three-aisled layout, flanked by a spacious transept that stands out prominently. The central bay is approximately square, while the side arms contain two rectangular bays each. The western part of the main nave houses a large gallery for nuns.

The basilica's architectural evolution is evident in its supporting pillars, ground-level columns, and window tracery. The convent buildings were situated along the northern side, enclosing a cloister courtyard.

The Interior Splendor

Step inside the basilica, and you'll be greeted by a breathtaking interior that combines Gothic and Baroque elements. The cross-vaulted ceilings, adorned with intricate ribbing, are a defining feature. The ribs of the vaults terminate in finely crafted corbels. The color schemes and decorative motifs of the ceiling paintings vary across different sections of the church, with the presbytery boasting the most elaborate designs. The presbytery's fan vaulting features circular keystones from which stylized suns radiate, surrounded by angels.

In the 18th century, the interior underwent Baroque modifications, with notable contributions from sculptor Ondřej Schweigl, who crafted the altars and pulpit. The basilica also houses a remarkable seven-branched brass candelabrum from the 15th century.

The Silver Altar and the Black Madonna

The basilica's most prized possession is the Silver Altar, commissioned by the prior of the Augustinian monastery, Ondřej Zirkl, from Augsburg goldsmith Johann Georg Herkommer. This altar was created to honor the coronation of the Black Madonna in 1736. The revered painting of the Black Madonna, brought to Brno by King Charles IV in 1356, is believed to have brought divine blessings and prosperity to the city. During the Swedish siege of Brno in 1645, the Black Madonna was said to have appeared over the city, inspiring the defenders to repel the attackers. The painting was later relocated to the basilica when the Augustinians moved there in 1783.

Exterior Highlights

The basilica's exterior is equally captivating, with its intricate tracery and varied window designs reflecting its gradual construction. The eastern windows feature cinquefoils within circles and central trefoils within spherical triangles, while the chapel windows are smaller and more pointed. The tracery above the main entrance incorporates a seven-petaled flower and quatrefoils.

The southern facade is adorned with a triangular gable above the entrance, featuring four coats of arms representing the founder's ties to the rulers of Bohemia, Moravia, Carinthia, and Poland. The entire gable is decorated with crockets. Sturdy buttresses, divided and stepped, line the structure, capped with small pinnacles adorned with finials.

A Modern Tribute

In 2013, a unique sculpture named Pulihrášek was installed in the open space next to the basilica. This artwork, made from used beer mugs, pays homage to the contributions of Gregor Johann Mendel, the famous geneticist who served as the abbot of the local monastery.

The Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady is not just a place of worship; it is a living monument to Brno's history and culture. Whether you're an architecture enthusiast, a history buff, or a spiritual seeker, this basilica offers a profound and enriching experience. As you explore its hallowed halls and marvel at its architectural splendor, you'll be transported back in time, gaining a deeper appreciation for the enduring legacy of this remarkable Gothic gem.