The Iowa State Capitol, majestically perched atop a hill in the heart of Des Moines, is not just a beacon of political power but also a masterpiece of architectural splendor. This historic edifice, known as the Iowa Statehouse, serves as the seat of the Iowa General Assembly and houses the offices of the Governor, Attorney General, Auditor, Treasurer, and Secretary of State. As the only five-domed capitol in the United States, it stands as a testament to the state's rich history and commitment to democracy.
The journey to establish the Iowa State Capitol began soon after Iowa achieved statehood. Initially, the state capitol was located in Iowa City, but the need to move it further west led to a series of legislative decisions. In 1847, Monroe City in Jasper County was selected as the new location, but the plan was abandoned the following year. Finally, in 1854, the General Assembly decreed a location within two miles of the Raccoon fork of the Des Moines River, leading to the selection of the current site.
The initial structure, a three-story brick building, served as a temporary capitol until it was destroyed by fire. In 1870, the General Assembly authorized the construction of a permanent statehouse, setting a budget of $1.5 million. Architects John C. Cochrane and Alfred H. Piquenard were commissioned to design the building, and the cornerstone was laid on November 23, 1871. Despite numerous challenges, including the need to replace deteriorated stone, the construction continued, and the building was dedicated on January 17, 1884. The final cost of the construction was $2,873,294.59, with only $3.77 unaccounted for in the 15 years of construction.
The Iowa State Capitol is a stunning example of 19th-century public building design, blending strength, dignity, and utility. The building's exterior is adorned with elaborate columns, handsomely designed cornices, and capitals. Constructed primarily of brick with limestone from various states, the foundation is made of dark Iowa stone topped by granite. The central dome, the building's most commanding feature, is constructed of iron and brick and covered with 23-carat gold leaf. This golden dome, which has been regilded multiple times, stands 275 feet above the ground floor and offers a breathtaking view of the city.
Stepping inside the Iowa State Capitol, visitors are greeted by broad, lofty corridors and highly decorated walls. The interior features a wide variety of Iowa wood, including walnut, cherry, catalpa, butternut, and oak, as well as 29 types of imported and domestic marble. The grand staircase, made of marble, is the focal point of the building, leading visitors to the upper floors where the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the Law Library are located.
The historical Supreme Court Chamber, the Governor's suite, and the offices of the Auditor and Treasurer of State are situated on the second floor. The Law Library, with its Victorian-style design and four stories of balcony shelves, is a must-visit for history enthusiasts. The ground floor houses a cafeteria and administrative offices, ensuring that visitors have all the amenities they need.
The Iowa State Capitol is not just a center of political activity but also a living museum. The rotunda features a famous quotation from Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, reminding visitors of the nation's commitment to democracy. The great mural painting Westward, created by Edwin H. Blashfield, adorns the east wall above the staircase, symbolizing the pioneering spirit of Iowa's settlers.
Another notable feature is the insignia of the Grand Army of the Republic, suspended beneath the rotunda ceiling. This large banner honors the veterans who fought in the Civil War and is a poignant reminder of the sacrifices made for the nation's freedom. The battle flags of Iowa regiments from various wars are preserved in niches on the main floor, offering a glimpse into the state's military history.
Surrounding the Iowa State Capitol are various monuments and memorials that pay tribute to the state's rich history. The Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Civil War Monument and the Lincoln and Tad statue are prominent features on the Capitol grounds, honoring those who served and sacrificed for the nation. These monuments, along with the beautifully landscaped West Capitol Terrace, make the Capitol a serene and reflective place for visitors.
While the primary function of the Iowa State Capitol is to house the legislative branch of the state government, it also serves as a cultural and historical landmark. Since 1987, the World Food Prize laureate award ceremony has been held annually in the House of Representatives chamber, drawing over 800 people from more than 75 countries. This prestigious event, which honors individuals who have made significant contributions to improving the quality, quantity, or availability of food in the world, adds to the Capitol's international stature.
In conclusion, the Iowa State Capitol is more than just a building; it is a symbol of Iowa's history, culture, and commitment to democracy. Its stunning architecture, rich history, and cultural significance make it a must-visit destination for anyone traveling to Des Moines. Whether you're a history buff, an architecture enthusiast, or simply a curious traveler, the Iowa State Capitol offers a unique and unforgettable experience.
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