First Battle of Independence

Independence, Missouri, is a city steeped in history, and one of its most significant historical events is the First Battle of Independence, which took place on August 11, 1862. This battle, a minor engagement of the American Civil War, saw Confederate forces achieve a notable victory, securing their hold over Jackson County for a brief period. This event is a fascinating chapter in the city's history and offers a captivating glimpse into the turbulent times of the Civil War.

The Prelude to Battle

In the summer of 1862, the Confederate forces were actively recruiting in Missouri, aiming to bolster their ranks in the Trans-Mississippi Theater. Among the Confederate leaders were notable figures such as Captain Jo Shelby, Colonel Vard Cockrell, and Colonel John T. Coffee. They were joined by various guerrilla fighters, including those under the notorious William Quantrill. These forces infiltrated Missouri, setting the stage for a confrontation with the Union troops stationed in Independence.

The Union forces, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James T. Buel, were aware of the Confederate presence but underestimated the imminent threat. Despite warnings from local citizens about a potential attack, Buel remained largely unprepared. His forces were positioned in three key locations: their camp near a stone wall, the bank serving as Buel’s headquarters, and the county jail.

The Battle Unfolds

Before dawn on August 11, 1862, Confederate forces under Colonel John T. Hughes launched a surprise attack on Independence. The attack was carried out in two columns, with Hughes and the partisan leader William Quantrill leading the charge. The Confederates rode into the town, firing a deadly volley into the Union camp, catching many soldiers off guard.

Captain Breckenridge of the Union forces suggested surrender, but Captain Jacob Axline rallied the troops behind a stone wall, forming a defensive position. Despite multiple Confederate assaults, the Union soldiers held their ground. Tragically, Colonel Hughes was killed during one of these attacks, and Colonels Thompson and Hays were wounded.

Meanwhile, Lieutenant Colonel Buel attempted to mount a defense from the bank building. However, when a nearby building was set ablaze, Buel was forced to negotiate a surrender with the new Confederate commander, Colonel Gideon W. Thompson. Under the terms of surrender, approximately 150 Union soldiers were paroled, while the rest either escaped, hid, or were killed.

The Aftermath and Significance

The First Battle of Independence resulted in significant casualties for the Union, with around 344 known victims. The Confederate losses remain unknown, but the victory came at a high cost, including the death of experienced officers like Colonel Hughes. Despite their victory, the Confederates could not capitalize significantly on their success, and their control over Jackson County was short-lived.

The actions of Lieutenant Colonel Buel and Captain Breckenridge were widely criticized. Buel's failure to heed warnings and Breckenridge's inability to locate guerrilla forces during an eleven-day reconnaissance mission led to their court-martial. Both officers and their captured soldiers were dismissed from service, marking a disgraceful end to their military careers.

Exploring the Historic Sites

Today, visitors to Independence can explore several historic sites related to the First Battle of Independence. One notable location is the Jackson County Jail and Marshal's House Museum. This building, constructed in 1859, served as the headquarters for the United States Provost Marshal during the Civil War. It housed prisoners, including those captured during the battle. The museum offers a fascinating look into the lives of those who lived and worked there, as well as the broader history of the area during the Civil War.

Another significant site is the bank building that served as Buel's headquarters during the battle. While the original structure may no longer stand, the location remains a poignant reminder of the conflict that took place there. Walking through the streets of Independence, visitors can imagine the sounds of gunfire and the chaos that engulfed the town on that fateful day.

Remembering the Fallen

The First Battle of Independence is a testament to the bravery and determination of those who fought on both sides. It serves as a reminder of the complexities and tragedies of the Civil War, a conflict that shaped the nation’s history. As you explore Independence, take a moment to reflect on the sacrifices made by these soldiers and the impact of their actions on the community.

Whether you are a history enthusiast or a casual visitor, the story of the First Battle of Independence offers a captivating glimpse into a pivotal moment in American history. The city's historic sites and museums provide an enriching experience, allowing you to connect with the past and gain a deeper understanding of the events that unfolded here. Independence, Missouri, with its rich history and enduring legacy, is a must-visit destination for anyone interested in the Civil War and the stories that shaped the nation.