Perched majestically atop the hill of Sant'Andrea in Nocera Inferiore, the Castello del Parco Fienga is a captivating medieval fortress that beckons history enthusiasts and curious tourists alike. This ancient stronghold, with roots tracing back to the 10th century, offers a glimpse into Italy's tumultuous past while providing breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.
The origins of the Castello del Parco Fienga are shrouded in the mists of time, with the earliest recorded mention dating back to 984 in the Codice Diplomatico Cavese. The castle's initial structure was likely even older, serving as a simple tower with a small enclosure. This fortress was a crucial part of the defensive system of the Longobards of Salerno against the Byzantine forces of Naples. Over the centuries, it evolved into a more complex structure, with a trapezoidal layout surrounding a spacious courtyard whimsically known as the Sala della Cavallerizza.
The castle's significance grew during the Angevin period. Charles I of Anjou, who frequently stayed in Nocera, initiated extensive expansions, transforming the old fortress into a more residential palace. It became a hub of activity and witnessed several historical events, including the imprisonment of Elena degli Angeli, widow of King Manfred of Sicily, and the siege by the troops of Charles III of Durazzo against Pope Urban VI.
In the 14th century, the castle was owned by Niccolò Acciaiuoli, who hosted the famous writer Giovanni Boccaccio in 1362. The castle's importance waned with the rise of the Aragonese dynasty, and it gradually fell into disuse, no longer being updated to defend against firearms.
By the 16th century, the castle was acquired by Tiberio Carafa, the first Duke of Nocera, who used it as a ducal residence. However, the construction of a grand ducal palace at the foot of the hill led to the castle's gradual abandonment. In the 19th century, it passed into private hands, and parts of it were demolished to make way for the current Palazzo Fienga.
Today, the castle is publicly owned and managed by the Association ETS Ridiamo Vita al Castello, which organizes cultural events and activities to maintain and promote this historical site.
The ruins of Castello del Parco Fienga primarily date back to its Angevin phase. The Sala dei Giganti, an enormous hall built with limestone, is a notable feature. This hall was originally covered by a double-pitched roof, as evidenced by the surviving pilasters. Along the western wall, visitors can see a bifora window and three large windows on the eastern wall, including a trilobed window made entirely of tuff stone.
Other intriguing areas include the Cavallerizza Reale, a large room divided into bays and covered by barrel vaults, located at a lower level. The castle also houses remnants of its ecclesiastical structures, such as the churches of Santa Maria alla Torre and San Martino, later replaced by the church of San Leone in the 13th century. These churches contain frescoes from different periods, some of which have been restored in recent years.
One of the castle's most prominent features is the Norman Tower, a pentagonal keep constructed by the Filangieri family around 1230-1250. Situated at the highest point of the hill, the tower offers a 360-degree view of the surrounding plain of Agro Nocerino, extending to the sea and the islands of the Phlegraean archipelago. The tower is now part of the more modern Palazzo Fienga.
Visitors can also explore the remains of the castle's defensive walls, including the circular cistern guarded by a triangular tower and the semi-towers that interrupted the middle curtain wall. These fortifications were crucial for the castle's defense, especially during sieges.
As with many ancient fortresses, Castello del Parco Fienga is steeped in legends. Local folklore speaks of underground tunnels connecting the castle to distant parts of the city, although these are more likely old aqueducts. The castle is also said to be haunted by two ghosts: Cencia di Trastevere, a Roman jailer who fell in love with Francesco Prignano, and Basilio di Levante, who died in the castle in 1406. Visitors have reported hearing Cencia's screams and feeling sudden drops in temperature attributed to Basilio's ghost.
The castle grounds have hosted various cultural events over the years. One notable event was the Jazz in Parco festival, organized by the association Noceracconta, which featured performances by renowned jazz musicians. Although the festival has since moved to other locations in the city, the castle remains a vibrant venue for cultural activities organized by the Association ETS Ridiamo Vita al Castello.
In conclusion, Castello del Parco Fienga is not just a historical monument but a living testament to the rich and varied history of Nocera Inferiore. Its ancient walls and towers tell stories of battles, imprisonments, and royal visits, while its legends and cultural events continue to captivate visitors. A visit to this remarkable castle offers a unique journey through time, providing a deeper understanding of Italy's medieval past and the enduring spirit of its people.
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