United States Customhouse

In the heart of Portland, Maine, stands the United States Customhouse, a magnificent structure that whispers tales of the city’s rich maritime past. With its grandiose architecture and storied history, this building is more than just a landmark; it's a testament to the bustling commerce that once flowed through Portland’s busy port. Built between 1867 and 1872, this architectural gem has witnessed the ebb and flow of time, standing resilient against the backdrop of change.

The Historical Significance

The United States Customhouse was born out of necessity following the Great Fire of July 4, 1866, which devastated much of Portland, including the Exchange Building where the customs office was originally housed. At that time, Portland was a vital seaport, collecting a staggering $900,000 annually in customs duties. The need for a new facility was urgent, and thus, the Customhouse came into being, designed by Alfred B. Mullett, the Supervising Architect of the Treasury.

Mullett's design reflected the importance of Portland’s customs business, combining elements of Second Empire and Renaissance Revival styles. Despite the post-Civil War era's financial constraints, the building was constructed using fireproof materials like New Hampshire granite and slate, ensuring its durability and grandeur.

Architectural Marvel

The Customhouse is a visual feast for architecture enthusiasts. Its I-shaped structure is adorned with large, rhythmic, round-headed windows, framed by Doric columns. The building’s facades are marked by projecting pedimented entry pavilions, and the entire structure is crowned with a cornice and balustrade, featuring ornamental triglyphs.

One of the most striking features is the twin, square cupolas with distinctive mansard roofs, a hallmark of the Second Empire style. These cupolas rise majestically above the building, each flaunting arched Venetian windows flanked by Corinthian order pilasters.

Inside the Customhouse

Stepping inside, visitors are greeted by the grand customs hall, a two-story public showplace that occupies the central portions of the first and second floors. The hall's marble floor, laid in a sophisticated checkerboard pattern, is a testament to the elegance of the era. The counters, made from various types of marble quarried from Lake Champlain, add to the opulence.

The hall is encircled by a narrow gallery on the second floor, adorned with a decorative iron rail. Symbols of commerce, such as corn and tobacco leaf motifs, along with dolphins flanked by oak and olive leaves, embellish the gallery, echoing the building’s commercial heritage.

Preserving History

The Customhouse has undergone several renovations, most notably in 2013, to preserve its historical integrity. Despite these changes, much of the original design remains intact, including the walnut woodwork and Italian marble fireplaces in the offices.

The building’s interior customs hall, once illuminated by gas chandeliers, now features modern lighting, yet retains the grandeur of its original design. The basement, converted into office and dormitory space for the U.S. Coast Guard in 1983, further illustrates the building's adaptability over time.

A Living Landmark

Today, the United States Customhouse serves as a home to various federal agencies, continuing its legacy of service. Its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 ensures that this architectural treasure is recognized and preserved for future generations.

Visitors to the Customhouse can admire its architectural beauty and reflect on its historical significance. It stands as a symbol of Portland’s resilience, having survived the Great Fire and the passage of time, while continuing to serve the community.

Conclusion

The United States Customhouse is more than just a building; it’s a narrative of Portland’s past, a tribute to its maritime history, and a celebration of architectural excellence. Whether you’re an architecture aficionado, a history buff, or a curious traveler, this landmark offers a glimpse into the rich tapestry of Portland’s past and present.

As you stroll through its halls and admire its façade, you’re not just witnessing a piece of history; you’re experiencing the enduring spirit of a city that has always looked to the sea for its fortune and future.