Shakespeare's funerary monument

In the heart of Stratford-upon-Avon, nestled within the serene confines of Holy Trinity Church, lies a tribute to one of the greatest literary figures in history: William Shakespeare. This funerary monument, a masterpiece of early 17th-century craftsmanship, stands as a testament to the Bard's enduring legacy and offers a fascinating glimpse into the reverence with which he was regarded by his contemporaries.

The Monument's Design and Craftsmanship

The Shakespeare funerary monument is an exquisite example of Jacobean Renaissance style. Crafted from pale blue limestone, the monument is mounted on the north wall of the church's chancel, the very place where Shakespeare was baptized and later interred. The monument is traditionally attributed to Gerard Johnson, although some scholars suggest it may have been created by his brother, Nicholas Johnson, possibly even modeled from life.

The central feature of the monument is a demi-figure of Shakespeare, depicted in a contemplative pose, holding a quill pen in one hand and a piece of paper resting on a cushion in the other. This portrayal is one of only two representations widely accepted as accurately depicting Shakespeare's appearance. Originally, the buttoned doublet was painted scarlet, the loose gown black, the eyes hazel, and the hair and beard auburn. Over time, the monument has been retouched and repainted, most notably in 1793 when it was painted entirely white, a change that was later reversed to restore its original colors.

Symbolism and Allegory

Above Shakespeare's effigy, the monument is adorned with intricate strapwork and a heraldic shield displaying the Shakespeare family arms. Flanking the shield are two allegorical figures: Labour, holding a spade, and Rest, holding an inverted torch and a skull. These figures symbolize the duality of human existence and the balance between work and repose, a theme often explored in Shakespeare's own works.

The monument is further embellished with two black polished marble columns supporting the entablature and coat-of-arms. The two putti and the skull are carved from sandstone, while the capitals and bases of the columns are gilded. The architraves, frieze, and cornice, originally made of red-veined white alabaster, were replaced with white marble during a restoration in 1749. The effigy and cushion are carved from a single piece of bluish Cotswold limestone, showcasing the sculptor's skill and attention to detail.

Inscriptions and Epitaphs

Beneath the effigy, the monument features an epitaph in Latin and a poem in English. The Latin epitaph reads:

IVDICIO PYLIVM, GENIO SOCRATEM, ARTE MARONEM,
TERRA TEGIT, POPVLVS MÆRET, OLYMPVS HABET

This translates to A Pylian in judgement, a Socrates in genius, a Maro in art, comparing Shakespeare to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. The second line translates to The earth buries him, the people mourn him, Olympus possesses him, signifying his immortal legacy.

The English poem beneath the Latin epitaph calls on passers-by to honor Shakespeare's greatness, suggesting that his literary works surpass even the sculptor's art. Beneath the poem, an inscription in smaller lettering provides the details of Shakespeare's death:

OBIIT AŃO DOI 1616
ÆTATIS٠53 DIE 23 APR.

This records that Shakespeare died in 1616 at the age of 53 on April 23rd.

Restorations and Alterations

Over the centuries, the monument has undergone several restorations. In 1748-49, Parson Joseph Greene spearheaded a restoration funded by the first known performance of a Shakespeare play in Stratford. The figure was cleaned, and the original colors were revived. In 1793, Edmond Malone persuaded the vicar to paint the monument white, a change that was later reversed in 1861 to restore its original hues.

In 1973, the monument suffered slight damage when intruders attempted to remove the figure, possibly searching for rumored hidden manuscripts. Despite these challenges, the monument has been meticulously cared for, ensuring that it remains a fitting tribute to the Bard.

Critics and Interpretations

Throughout its history, the monument has received mixed reviews. Some critics, like Thomas Gainsborough, have dismissed the bust as a silly smiling thing, while J. Dover Wilson likened Shakespeare's effigy to a self-satisfied pork butcher. However, others, like Schoenbaum, view the monument as a typical example of Jacobean Renaissance style, and Spielmann argues that its simplicity is appropriate for a sepulchral sculpture in a church.

Despite these varied opinions, the Shakespeare funerary monument remains an essential pilgrimage site for literature lovers and history enthusiasts alike. It stands not only as a memorial to a literary genius but also as a symbol of the enduring impact of Shakespeare's works on the world.

As you stand before this remarkable monument, take a moment to reflect on the life and legacy of William Shakespeare. His words have transcended time, and this monument serves as a poignant reminder of the man behind the masterpieces. Whether you are a devoted Shakespearean scholar or a casual admirer, the Shakespeare funerary monument in Stratford-upon-Avon is a must-visit destination that offers a profound connection to the Bard's enduring legacy.