Teruel Cathedral

Teruel Cathedral, known locally as Catedral de Santa María de Teruel, stands as a magnificent testament to the rich cultural and architectural heritage of Teruel, Spain. This awe-inspiring structure is a beacon of the Mudéjar style, a unique blend of Christian and Islamic art and architecture that flourished in medieval Spain. As one of the most important Mudéjar buildings in Spain, Teruel Cathedral is a must-visit for anyone interested in history, art, and architecture.

The Origins of Teruel Cathedral

The origins of Teruel Cathedral trace back to the 12th century when it was initially constructed as the Church of Santa María de Mediavilla. Its construction began in 1171 in the Romanesque style, typical of the period. However, it wasn't until 1257 that the iconic Mudéjar tower was erected, marking a significant transformation in the architectural style of the building.

The transition to the Mudéjar style was spearheaded by the skilled architect Juzaff in the latter half of the 13th century. He restructured the original Romanesque building, adding three Mudéjar naves made of masonry and brick, which elevated and enhanced the original Romanesque structure. This transformation was part of a broader trend in Gothic architecture aimed at creating taller, more luminous spaces.

The Mudéjar Tower

The Mudéjar tower, constructed in 1257, is one of the oldest and most significant Mudéjar towers in Spain. It features a square plan and is adorned with intricate decorations of glazed ceramic tiles and azulejos, typical of Mudéjar art. The lower part of the tower includes a pointed barrel vault passageway for pedestrians, creating a unique blend of functional and decorative elements.

The tower is divided into three distinct sections, each more ornately decorated than the last, culminating in a 17th-century octagonal lantern. This tower is not only a striking visual feature but also a symbol of the successful fusion of different cultural influences that characterize Mudéjar architecture.

The Mudéjar Roof

One of the most remarkable features of Teruel Cathedral is its Mudéjar roof, often referred to as the Sistine Chapel of Mudéjar art. This roof, dating back to the late 13th century, is a masterpiece of structural and decorative design. Unlike most Mudéjar ceilings, which are purely decorative, the roof of Teruel Cathedral also serves a structural purpose, supporting the upper part of the nave.

Measuring 32 meters in length, the roof is adorned with an array of historical, religious, and cultural motifs. The intricate designs depict a variety of figures, from historical and religious characters to fantastical creatures, offering a glimpse into the rich tapestry of medieval life. The roof's remarkable state of preservation is due to a neoclassical false ceiling added in the 18th century, which protected the original Mudéjar paintings from the elements.

The Octagonal Lantern

In 1538, the octagonal lantern was added to the central nave, designed by Martín de Montalbán. This lantern is an exquisite example of Plateresque-Mudéjar style, combining elements of both Gothic and Renaissance architecture. The exterior features ajimez windows with Plateresque decorations, allowing light to flood into the cathedral and illuminate its interior.

The lantern was constructed to enhance the illumination of the new high altar, a Renaissance masterpiece created by the sculptor Gabriel Yoly in 1536. This addition marked the cathedral's transition from a collegiate church to a cathedral in 1587, following the establishment of the Diocese of Teruel.

The Neomudéjar Facade

In the early 20th century, a new facade was added to Teruel Cathedral in the Neomudéjar style, designed by the modernist architect Pablo Monguió. Completed in 1909, this facade combines a neoromanesque structure with typically Neomudéjar decorations, creating a harmonious blend of historical and modern elements. The facade is adorned with intricate brickwork and ceramic tiles, reflecting the rich Mudéjar tradition of the region.

The southern entrance is particularly noteworthy, featuring a series of semicircular archivolts and a wrought iron gate designed by Matías Abad. This gate draws inspiration from the 15th-century choir screen inside the cathedral, crafted by the master blacksmith Cañamache.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

In recognition of its outstanding cultural and architectural significance, the tower, roof, and lantern of Teruel Cathedral were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. This designation highlights the cathedral's importance as a prime example of Mudéjar architecture and its role in the cultural heritage of Spain.

Visiting Teruel Cathedral is a journey through time, offering a unique insight into the rich history and artistic achievements of medieval Spain. From its Romanesque origins to its Mudéjar transformations and modern additions, the cathedral stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of the region's diverse cultural influences. Whether you're an art lover, history enthusiast, or simply a curious traveler, Teruel Cathedral is a must-see destination that promises to leave a lasting impression.