Trapezitsa

Trapezitsa, an ancient hill in Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria, is a mesmerizing relic of medieval history, standing proudly on the right bank of the Yantra River. Known locally as Трапезица, this historical site was once the fortified heart of the medieval city of Tarnovgrad and now offers a captivating glimpse into Bulgaria's rich past.

The Origins of Trapezitsa

The name Trapezitsa has intriguing origins. Some believe it derives from the word trapeza, meaning table, while others argue it comes from trapez, referring to the trapezoidal shape of the plateau. Another theory suggests it is named after the trapezites, voluntary soldiers who guarded mountain passes.

Geography and Layout

Spanning an area of 80 decares, Trapezitsa is a natural fortress surrounded on three sides by the Yantra River. The hill's steep cliffs once supported towering walls, soldier posts, and watchtowers. The fortress had four entrances, with the main gate on the southern side, connected to the Tsarevets Fortress by a bridge over the Yantra River, near the Church of the Holy Forty Martyrs. A stone path carved into the rock led to this southern gate, remnants of which are still visible today.

Historical Significance

During Byzantine rule, the hill was inhabited by the trapezites, or pass guardians. Trapezitsa became the second fortress of the inner city of medieval Tarnovgrad, northwest of Tsarevets. The fortress was a bustling hub of activity, with numerous churches and residential buildings for the nobility and high-ranking clergy. Archaeological excavations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries uncovered the foundations of 17 churches, revealing their rich decorations of frescoes and colorful mosaics, and floors adorned with beautiful ceramic tiles.

Churches and Religious Heritage

The churches of Trapezitsa were architectural marvels, featuring pilasters, niches, blind arches, and colorful tiles arranged in intricate patterns. The largest of these churches, known as Church No. 8 or the Church of St. Ivan Rilski, played a significant role in Bulgarian religious history. In 1195, Tsar Ivan Asen I transferred the relics of St. Ivan Rilski from Sofia to Veliko Tarnovo, placing them in this specially built church. The relics remained here until 1469, when they were moved to the Rila Monastery.

Archaeological Discoveries

Interest in Trapezitsa's archaeological treasures dates back to the 19th century. Despite a ban on excavations by Ottoman authorities in 1856, significant research began after Bulgaria's liberation. Pioneers like Marin Drinov, Vasil Beron, and Karel Škorpil conducted extensive studies, with Škorpil creating the first comprehensive plan of Trapezitsa's architectural remnants in 1910.

In the early 20th century, French archaeologist J. Seur uncovered the foundations of 14 additional churches, adding to the previously discovered three. Although Seur's notes were sparse, engineers P. Abadjiev and R. Mihaylov documented the ruins, providing valuable insights into the site's layout. In 1903-1904, V. Dimov, a commissioned artist-restorer, meticulously described the churches and created graphic documentation of the preserved frescoes.

Modern Excavations and Preservation

From 2008 to 2015, new excavations and restoration efforts revitalized Trapezitsa. The southern tower was reconstructed, and several churches were restored, allowing visitors to appreciate the site's historical grandeur. These efforts have transformed Trapezitsa into a living museum, where the echoes of Bulgaria's medieval past resonate through its ruins.

Legends and Mysteries

Trapezitsa is shrouded in legends, one of which tells of a mint located near the southern entrance. During the Ottoman conquest, it is said that all the minting machines and raw gold were hidden in a secret underground chamber, its entrance covered by a stone slab. Such tales add an air of mystery and intrigue to this already fascinating site.

Visiting Trapezitsa

A visit to Trapezitsa offers a unique journey through Bulgaria's medieval history. As you explore the ruins, you can imagine the bustling life that once filled this fortified hill. The panoramic views of the surrounding landscape, combined with the rich historical context, make Trapezitsa a must-see destination for history enthusiasts and casual tourists alike.

In conclusion, Trapezitsa is not just a historical site; it is a testament to Bulgaria's enduring legacy and cultural heritage. Its ancient walls and ruins tell stories of a bygone era, inviting visitors to step back in time and experience the grandeur of medieval Tarnovgrad. Whether you're an avid historian or a curious traveler, Trapezitsa promises an unforgettable experience in the heart of Veliko Tarnovo.