Vercelli Synagogue

In the heart of the quaint town of Vercelli, nestled in the picturesque Piedmont region of Italy, stands the magnificent Vercelli Synagogue (Sinagoga di Vercelli). This architectural gem, also known locally as the Tempio Israelitico di Vercelli, is a testament to the rich history and cultural heritage of the Jewish community in this area. Constructed in the late 19th century, the synagogue is less imposing than its counterparts in Rome, Florence, or Turin, but it holds a unique charm and historical significance that makes it a must-visit attraction for anyone exploring Vercelli.

The Jewish Community of Vercelli

The Jewish presence in Vercelli dates back to 1446 when two Jewish bankers were granted permission to open a lending bank. Over the years, a small but resilient community formed around them, even surviving an expulsion in 1556 by paying a hefty sum of 200 florins to be readmitted. The community grew in 1597 with the arrival of Jews expelled from Milan, leading to the adoption of the Ashkenazi rite over the Italian rite.

By 1724, the Jews of Vercelli were confined to a ghetto, a common practice in many Italian cities at the time. Despite these challenges, the community thrived, establishing a grand synagogue in 1740 and a rabbinical college in 1796, thanks to a generous bequest from Elijah Emanuele Foa. The community's prosperity continued into the 19th century, culminating in the complete emancipation of Jews in Italy in 1848.

At its peak, the Jewish community in Vercelli numbered around 600 members and was influential enough to be represented by Rabbi Josué Segré at Napoleon's Grand Sanhedrin. However, the 20th century brought significant changes, with many Jews migrating to larger cities or converting to Christianity. The Holocaust dealt a devastating blow, with 26 members of the community perishing in Nazi camps. By 1969, only 75 Jews remained in Vercelli and the nearby town of Biella.

The Construction of the Vercelli Synagogue

In 1874, the growing Jewish community decided to build a new, larger synagogue to replace the old one that had become too small. They chose Giuseppe Locarni, a local architect who also contributed to the construction of the Florence Synagogue. Locarni faced numerous challenges due to the irregular shape of the site and the surrounding buildings, resulting in an asymmetrical design with an elongated main axis.

The synagogue was constructed in the Neo-Moorish style, a popular architectural choice for synagogues of that era. Locarni's design incorporated Middle Eastern motifs adapted to modern needs. Local artisans were enlisted for various elements, including the bronze doors of the Holy Ark and the stained glass windows. The synagogue was completed and inaugurated in 1878, standing proudly as a symbol of the community's newfound freedom and prosperity.

Exterior Features

The facade of the Vercelli Synagogue is a striking blend of white and light blue horizontal stripes made from Saltrio sandstone. The central section is flanked by two octagonal pillars topped with copper domes supported by slender columns. The facade's central body features three superimposed levels: a porch with three arches, the Tablets of the Law, and a large rose window adorned with Stars of David. At the top, a series of faux oculi and a decorative cornice complete the design.

Interior Splendor

Step inside the Vercelli Synagogue, and you'll be greeted by an interior that exudes both grandeur and warmth. The space is divided into three naves and a polygonal apse, illuminated by circular openings and numerous stained glass windows. The walls and vaults are adorned with polychrome motifs and architectural reliefs, including the frames of the dome and the balustrade of the women's gallery, all crafted by the painter Carlo Costa.

Noteworthy features include the Byzantine and Oriental-style capitals, the bronze doors of the Holy Ark embellished with Jewish symbols, and two large bronze candelabras. These elements are among the few surviving pieces of the once lavish interior decor, which included silver furniture, accessories, and lamps, most of which have been lost over time.

Restoration and Legacy

After World War II, the Vercelli Synagogue fell into disuse, reflecting the dwindling Jewish population. However, in 2003, a restoration project was initiated to preserve this historic monument. Today, the synagogue stands as a poignant reminder of the vibrant Jewish community that once thrived in Vercelli. It continues to be a place of worship and a cultural landmark, attracting visitors who wish to delve into the rich tapestry of Jewish history in Italy.

In conclusion, the Vercelli Synagogue is not just an architectural marvel but a symbol of resilience and cultural heritage. Its walls echo the stories of a community that, despite facing numerous challenges, left an indelible mark on the history of Vercelli. A visit to this synagogue offers a unique glimpse into the past, making it an enriching experience for anyone exploring the Piedmont region.